[2] French forces entering Syria faced resistance from local factions in the north in 1919, with the prominent Alawite sheikh Saleh al-Ali launching a revolt in the coastal mountain range and Ibrahim Hananu leading a revolt in Aleppo and the surrounding countryside. In 1918, towards the end of World War I, the Ottoman Empire's forces withdrew from Syria after being defeated by the Allied Powers (Great Britain and France) and their Hashemite Arab allies from the Hejaz. [39], In Syria a general strike took place from 20 January to 6 March 1936 spreading to all the major towns, and political demonstrations held throughout the country gave fresh momentum to the Syrian national movement. The general strike lasted from April to October 1936, initiating the violent revolt. In early 2011, amid a wave of popular protest in countries throughout the Middle East and North Africa, largely peaceful demonstrations against entrenched regimes brought quick transfers of power in Egypt and Tunisia. [5], At the beginning of the Revolt crew from the Haifa Naval Force's two cruisers were used to carry out tasks ashore, manning two howitzers and naval lorries equipped with QF 2 pounder naval guns and searchlights used to disperse Arab snipers. [96] Air patrols had been found effective in keeping convoys and trains free from attack, but this did not help to expose insurgents to battle conditions likely to cause their defeat.
[47] On 21 April the leaders of the five main parties accepted the decision at Nablus and called for a general strike of all Arabs engaged in labour, transport and shopkeeping for the following day. Russia and China vetoed UN Security Council resolutions meant to pressure the Assad regime in October 2011 and February 2012 and vowed to oppose any measure that would lead to foreign intervention in Syria or Assad’s removal from power. [108] It was this aspect of the revolt, rather than attacks on Jews or violence between rivals for leadership of the national movement, that most concerned the high commissioner. [34][35], From the beginning of the 1930s new political parties began to appear, including the Independence Party, which called for an Indian Congress Party-style boycott of the British,[36] the pro-Nashashibi National Defence Party, the pro-Husayni Palestinian Arab Party the pro-Khalidi Arab-Palestinian Reform Party, and the National Bloc, based mainly around Nablus. [72] The Woodhead Commission considered three different plans, one of which was based on the Peel plan. [12], The lessons the rebels learned from Homs and Hama were many, and that sustained the rebellion for a further year and a half. United Kingdom British ArmyPalestine Police ForceJewish Settlement PoliceJewish Supernumerary PoliceSpecial Night Squads, Arab Higher Committee (1936 – October 1937), Central Committee of National Jihad in Palestine (October 1937 – 1939), General Arthur Grenfell WauchopeHigh Commissioner and Commander-in-chief(1932–38) Sir Harold MacMichaelHigh Commissioner(1938–44) Lt.-General John DillGOC (1936–37) Lt.-General Archibald WavellGOC (1937–38) Lt.-General Robert HainingGOC (1938–39) Major-General Bernard MontgomeryCommander, 8th Infantry Div., 1938–39 Air Commodore Roderic Hill AOC, Palestine and Transjordan(1936–38) Air Commodore Arthur HarrisAOC, Palestine and Transjordan(1938–39) Admiral Dudley PoundCommander-in-Chief, British Mediterranean Fleet(1936–39), Political leadership Mohammed Amin al-Husayni (exiled) Raghib al-Nashashibi (defected) Izzat Darwaza (exiled), Local rebel commanders Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad (General Commander) † Arif Abd al-Raziq Regional Commander) (exiled)Abu Ibrahim al-Kabir (Regional Commander) Yusuf Abu Durra Regional Commander) Fakhri 'Abd al-Hadi (defected)Abdallah al-Asbah  †Issa Battat †Mohammed Saleh al-Hamad †Yusuf Hamdan †Ahmad Mohamad Hasan  †Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni (exiled)Wasif KamalAbdul Khallik  †Hamid Suleiman Mardawi  †Ibrahim NassarMustafa Osta  †Mohammad Mahmoud Rana'anFarhan al-Sa'di  Hasan Salama, Arab volunteer commanders: For detailed coverage of the Arab Spring in individual countries, [133] These attacks substantially increased Arab casualties and sowed terror among the population. [55] By the end of September 20,000 British troops in Palestine were deployed to "round up Arab bands". – British Army verse. [80], Military law allowed swift prison sentences to be passed. [133] For the first time in the conflict massive bombs were placed in crowded Arab public places, killing and maiming dozens. Personal frustration – he was fed up with his desk job – made him add that they might benefit from an adviser.

The British saw the tactics Lawrence had so successfully employed against the Turks turned against themselves, first in Iraq in 1920 and then in Palestine from 1936. Upon hearing of this, the Druze returned their support to the al-Atrash family, which by this point was backing Sultan al-Atrash, and rebelled against the French (and indirectly against the majlis, who had elevated them to power). The French sentenced Sultan al-Atrash and other national leaders to death, but al-Atrash escaped with the rebels to Transjordan and was eventually pardoned. Although NATO intervention ultimately shifted the military balance in favour of the rebel forces, Qaddafi was able to cling to power in the capital, Tripoli, for several more months. The fear is not of losing land, but of losing the homeland of the Arab people, which others want to turn into the homeland of the Jewish people. [96] During rebel attacks these vehicles could issue emergency "XX calls" (XX with a coded location), which were given priority over all other radio traffic, to summon aerial reinforcements. 5479, Palestine: Statement of Policy Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, May 1939, Cmd 6019, The First Intifada: Rebellion in Palestine 1936–1939, Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1936–1939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine&oldid=979281071, Riots and civil disorder in Mandatory Palestine, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Articles with disputed statements from November 2015, Articles needing additional references from April 2012, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Bureau of the Arab Revolt in Palestine (late 1938 – 1939).

When negotiations to remove Ṣāliḥ from power failed, loyalist and opposition fighters clashed in Sanaa. After two years of war, the city was ill-equipped to deal with the influx of displaced Syrians, and Hama was similarly devastated. [105] Periodically, the guns were used to fire warning rounds close to the vicinity of villages believed to have rebel sympathies. Their national struggle was a religious holy war, and the incarnation of both the Palestinian Arab nation and Islam was Hajj Amin al-Husseini. [2], In 1925, in preparation for upcoming elections, high commissioner General Maurice Sarrail allowed the organization of political parties.
[106], The Arab Revolt was the last major test of Britain's security services in the Middle East before World War II. [33] Traditionally, the Arabs had an elite, but not a real leadership. [169], The hostilities contributed to further disengagement of the Jewish and Arab economies in Palestine, which were intertwined to some extent until that time. Oblivious to this double-dealing, Hussein fired the first shot of the rebellion from a window in his palace on June 10, 1916. He said "Sir, I have warned the mukhtars in these villages that if this happened to any of my officers or men, I would take punitive measures against them and I did this and I would've lost control of the frontier if I hadn't." [63], The strike was called off on 11 October 1936[55] and the violence abated for about a year while the Peel Commission deliberated. [10] The dissent was directly influenced by the Qassamite rebellion, following the killing of Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam in 1935, as well as the declaration by Hajj Amin al-Husseini of 16 May 1936 as 'Palestine Day' and calling for a General Strike. [76], Violence continued throughout 1938. Currently, American and Kurdish interests run parallel: Their immediate objective is the destruction of ISIL (also known as ISIS).

[136] Some peace bands also sprang up in the Nablus area, on Mount Carmel (a stronghold of the Druze who largely opposed the rebellion after 1937), and around Nazareth without connection to the Nashashibi-Husayni power struggle. Palestine Martial Law (Defence) Order in Council 1936.