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According to Eutropius and Aurelius Victor, he was particularly energetic and successful in preventing invaders from attacking the German provinces and Gaul, despite the weakness caused by Valerian's march on Italy against Aemilianus in 253. For a very thorough presentation of the contrasting views, see J. Bray (1997), p.72-73; also, A. Watson (1999), p.230, note 34. The invasion occurred probably in the early spring of 260. [51] One version has Claudius selected as Emperor by the conspirators, another chosen by Gallienus on his death bed; the Historia Augusta was concerned to substantiate the descent of the Constantinian dynasty from Claudius, and this may explain its accounts, which do not involve Claudius in the murder. [20] After devastating Germania Superior and Raetia (parts of southern France and Switzerland), they entered Italy, the first invasion of the Italian peninsula, aside from its most remote northern regions, since Hannibal 500 years before. He then hastily crossed the Balkans, taking with him the new cavalry corps (comitatus) under the command of Aureolus[15] and defeated Ingenuus at Mursa[16] or Sirmium. https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gallienus-roman-emperor, "Gallienus, Roman Emperor When Valerian was proclaimed Emperor on 22 October 253, he asked the Senate to ratify the elevation of Gallienus to Caesar and Augustus. His mother was Gnatia Mariniana. I have ordered that the benefits conferred by my gift should be spread throughout the whole world, so that they withdraw from the places of worship. Control of the whole empire passed to Gallienus. Emperor These shifts in the state's attitude to religion were accompanied by increasing political instability, financial difficulties, and a re … [27] There is a suggestion that Gallienus invited the Roxolani to attack Regalianus, but other historians dismiss the accusation. Better to think of each congregation or episcopate as individual corporate bodies for the purposes of Gallienus’ rescript. Gallienus s-a născut prin 218, ca fiu al lui Valerian și al Egnatiei Mariniana. Bellow I’ve reproduced Barne’s translation of Gallienus’ rescript to the Egyptian bishops: Imperator Caesar Publius Licinius Gallienus Pius Felix Augustus to Dionysius, Pinnas, Demetrius and the other bishops. Gallienus took the western half of the empire and his father the eastern portion, in 255. With thanks to Fr. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. In that condition, this army had to repel a new invasion of the province of Mesopotamia by Shapur I, ruler of the Sassanid Empire. [55] Gallienus produced some useful reforms. Moreover, I don’t think we can yet talk about “the Church” as *a* corporate body. Division of the empire had become necessary due to its sheer size and the numerous threats it faced, and it facilitated negotiations with enemies who demanded to communicate directly with the emperor. ", Antoninianus issued to celebrate LEG VII MAC VI P VI F, "Legio VII Macedonica six times faithful and loyal. The revolt partially coincided with that of Macrianus in the East. Episode Link In 260 A.D. the Roman Emperor Gallienus recognized Christianity as a lawful religion, ushering in a forty year period of unprecedented peace and prosperity for the Church. Mama sa era de rang senatorial, fiica lui Egnatius Victor Marinianus. [22] On their retreat through northern Italy, they were intercepted and defeated in the battle of Mediolanum (near present-day Milan) by Gallienus' army, which had advanced from Gaul, or from the Balkans after dealing with the Franks. 218, død 268) var romersk keiser sammen med sin far Valerianus (Valerian) fra 253 til 260, og alene fra 260 til 268.Han styrte under krisen i det tredje århundret som nær førte til Romerrikets sammenbrudd. Gallienus (/ ˌ ɡ æ l i ˈ ɛ n ə s /; Latin: Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus Augustus; c. 218 – September 268), also known as Gallien, was Roman Emperor with his father Valerian from 22 October 253 to spring 260 and alone from spring 260 to September 268. [47] The decisive battle took place at what is now Pontirolo Nuovo near Milan; Aureolus was clearly defeated and driven back to Milan. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more — all for only $19.99... Roman emperor; b. about 218; d. at Milan, 4 March, 268; appointed regent by his father Valerian when the Germans threatened the boundaries of the empire on the Rhine and the Danube. 18:40. Samuel N. C. Lieu, Domikic Montserat (editors).

The reasons for this are unclear, and the Historia Augusta (almost the sole resource for these events) does not provide a credible story. ", Antoninianus issued to celebrate LEG VII CLA VI P VI F, "Legio VII Claudia six times faithful and loyal. The Juthungi managed to cross the Alps with their valuables and captives from Italy. Gallienus introduced a number of important political, military, and religious reforms; excluded senators from military commands; and created an independent cavalry corps with its base at Milan. The Senate proclaimed him co-emperor because it saw that no one man could run the vast military Glad to have you back. Denne siden ble sist redigert 15. jul.
"Gallienus, Roman Emperor I think it’s possible to read too much into our concept of “religio licita” – specifically, that it represented a clear defined legal classification. There is not a shred of evidence to prove this.

[14] In any case, Gallienus reacted with great speed.

In consequence of the withdrawal of the troops from the eastern boundaries, the countries near the Bosphorus and the Black Sea were laid open to pillage at the hands of the Goths. Another issue is Geiger's opinion about recruiting equestrian personnel. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Also see Alaric Watson 1999, p.215, David S. Potter 2004, p.266, Herwig Wolfram, J. Bray (1997), pp.307–309. When invaders reached the outskirts of Rome, they were repelled by an improvised army assembled by the Senate, consisting of local troops (probably praetorian guards) and the strongest of the civilian population. Thanks for all the hours you’ve spent for this podcast, it is really apreciated.. He contributed to military history as the first to commission primarily cavalry units, the Comitatenses, that could be dispatched anywhere in the Empire in short order. Gallienus had installed his son Saloninus and his guardian, Silvanus, in Cologne in 258. In the course of the wars against the enemies of the empire, the soldiers at various times proclaimed eighteen of their generals provincial emperors. [29], In the East, Valerian was confronted with serious troubles. [52], The tomb of Gallienus is thought to be located to the south of Rome, at the IXth mile of the Via Appia.[53]. Bands of "Scythai" began a naval raid of Pontus, in the northern part of modern Turkey. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list.

The Romans defeated the barbarians on sea first. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06366a.htm. Valerian led an army against them, but was betrayed and captured.

Gallienus (/ˌɡæliˈɛnəs/; Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus; c. 218 – September 268) was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 22 October 253 to spring 260 and alone from spring 260 to September 268. ", The capture of Valerian in the year 259 forced Gallienus to issue the first official declaration of tolerance with regard to the Christians, restoring their places of worship and cemeteries, therefore implying a recognition of the property of the Church. After some success against the Sarmatians, his revolt ended when the Roxolani invaded Pannonia and killed Regalianus in taking the city of Sirmium. [30], The Roman army was defeated at the Battle of Edessa, and Valerian was taken prisoner. In successful campaigns along the Rhine, he saved Gaul from the attacks of Germanic tribes, and in 258 at Milan checked an invasion of Italy by the Alamanni.

The best discussion of Gallienus’ legalization of Christianity can be found in T.D. After some initial defeats, the army of Aureolus, having defeated the Macriani, rejoined him, and Postumus was expelled.

Modern historians are not even able to discern with certainty whether there were two or more of these invasions or a single prolonged one. The two Macriani left Quietus, Ballista, and, presumably, Odenathus to deal with the Persians while they invaded Europe with an army of 30,000 men, according to the Historia Augusta. [57], About 40 rare gold coins of Gallienus have been discovered as part of the Lava Treasure in Corsica, France, in the 1980s. He ruled during the Crisis of the Third Century that nearly caused the collapse of the empire. He ruled during the Crisis of the Third Century that nearly caused the collapse of the empire.