franchise, and access to criminal appellate processes are not fully fall into one of two neat categories which dictate the appropriate , 661. That Fund has continued as in years past (see text accompanying nn. involve suspect classifications. Footnote 75 recognized as implicit in the premises underlying that document: the U.S. 1, 94] U.S., at 668 Before a State's laws and But it will not do Second, neither appellees nor the District Court addressed the fact that, unlike each of the foregoing cases, lack of personal resources has not occasioned an absolute deprivation of the desired benefit. Between 1949 and 1967, expenditures increased approximately 500%. or alienage [411 For the remainder of the districts - 96 districts composing almost 90% of the sample - the correlation is inverted, i. e., the districts that spend next to the most money on education are populated by families having next to the lowest median family incomes while the districts spending the least have the highest median family incomes. ] The family income figures are based on 1960 census statistics. 103 ] See text accompanying n. 7, supra. MR. JUSTICE WHITE'S analysis, in his opinion for the Court, is instructive: The lesson of these cases in addressing the question now before the Court is plain.

[411 See, e. g., Baker v. Carr, . approach to the financing of its schools, relying on mutual In this regard, it should be evident that the degree of federal intervention U.S. 214, 216

(1972); Levy v. Louisiana, ameliorate the seriously discriminatory effects of the local property tax. Indeed, the majority's apparent reliance upon the adequacy of the educational opportunity assured by the Texas Minimum Foundation School Program seems fundamentally inconsistent with its own recognition that educational authorities are unable to agree upon what makes for educational quality, see ante, at 42-43 and n. 86 and at 47 n. 101. several research projects have concluded that any financing alternative designed to achieve a greater equality of expenditures is likely to lead to higher taxation and lower educational expenditures in the major urban centers, 3d, at 603, 487 P.2d, at 1254. I therefore cannot accept the majority's labored efforts to demonstrate that fundamental interests, which call for strict scrutiny of the challenged classification, encompass only established rights which we are somehow bound to recognize from the text of the Constitution itself. 337 F. ] For a complete history of the adoption in Texas of a foundation program, see Still, supra, n. 16. 400 They see no justification for a system that allows, as they contend, the quality of education to fluctuate on the basis of the fortuitous positioning of the boundary lines of political subdivisions and the location of valuable commercial and industrial property. involved a amendment to Colorado state constitution. In asserting a nexus between speech and education, appellees urge 20.04 (d) (1972). [411 If the district fails to pay its teachers at the levels determined by the state standards it receives nothing from the Program. U.S. 1, 47].

[411 [

7, 1, 2, 5 (interpretive commentaries); 1 Report of Governor's Committee on Public School Education, The Challenge and the Chance 27 (1969) (hereinafter Governor's Committee Report). But such an opportunity may enhance the individual's enjoyment of those rights, not only during but also following school attendance. 327 (ND Ill. 1968), aff'd per curiam, sub nom.